Leopard bushfish
An African labyrinth fish that hunts by looking like a dead leaf: it hangs at an angle among wood, drifts closer, and takes prey with a sudden expansion of the mouth. Everything about its patterning and posture is built around that one behaviour.
Quick profile
- Scientific name
- Ctenopoma acutirostre
- Adult size
- 15–20 cm (5.9–7.9 in)
- Lifespan
- 6–10 years
- Temperature
- 23–28 °C (73–82 °F)
- pH
- 6–7.5
- Hardness
- 2–15 °dGH
- Minimum tank
- 200 L (53 US gal)
- Minimum length
- 100 cm
- Swimming zone
- Midwater
- Social
- Solitary
- Diet
- Carnivore
- Overall confidence
- moderate confidence
What keeping this species involves
Hardy and undemanding about water. The two things it needs are cover and tankmates too large to swallow, and the second is routinely misjudged because it moves so little.
Slow, shaded, heavily structured river margins and backwaters.
Identity and names
- Common name
- Leopard bushfish
- Scientific name
- Ctenopoma acutirostre
- Family
- Anabantidae
- Order
- Anabantiformes
- Class
- Actinopterygii
- Also sold as
- spotted climbing perch, Ctenopoma acutirostre, leopard ctenopoma
Adult size and growth
15–20 cm (5.9–7.9 in)
Typical lifespan in an aquarium: 6–10 years. Almost every animal sold in a shop is a juvenile, so the tank has to suit the size in the first line rather than the size in the bag.
Shape, which is what the compatibility engine reads instead of length alone: fusiform — the ordinary torpedo with a large — a piscivore's mouth. Ctenopoma is an ambush predator with a mouth far larger than its anabantid relatives'.
Water and tank requirements
An ambush predator needs structure to hide in and enough water that its prey is not permanently cornered; a tall, cluttered tank rather than an open one.
Temperature (°C)
Scale: 0 to 36 °C.
pH (pH)
Scale: 4 to 9.5 pH.
Hardness (°dGH)
Scale: 0 to 30 °dGH.
Where these figures come from
Habitat class
Soft forest stream
Shaded, mineral-poor running water under forest canopy, with leaf litter and moderate tannin loading but without true blackwater chemistry.
The commonest habitat class in the aquarium trade and the one the conventional community-tank setting actually fits. Soft and slightly acidic, without the extremes that make blackwater difficult.
- Conductivity
- 20–120 µS/cm
- Flow
- low
- Dissolved oxygen
- moderate
- Seasonality
- moderate
These are figures for the KIND of water body, not measurements of this species. They are AquariumHQ’s summary of the general limnology and are given wide because the water is.
- TemperatureFollows the habitat this animal comes from
- Follows the water this animal is recorded from — soft forest stream. Soft forest stream generally runs 22–28°C, and the advised band of 23–28°C is consistent with it. This is AquariumHQ's reasoning from the habitat, not a measurement of the species.
- pHFollows the habitat this animal comes from
- Follows the water this animal is recorded from — soft forest stream. Soft forest stream generally runs 5.5–7, and the advised band of 6–7.5 is consistent with it. This is AquariumHQ's reasoning from the habitat, not a measurement of the species.
- General hardnessFollows the habitat this animal comes from
- Follows the water this animal is recorded from — soft forest stream. Soft forest stream generally runs 1–6 dGH, and the advised band of 2–15 dGH is consistent with it. This is AquariumHQ's reasoning from the habitat, not a measurement of the species.
Scale: 21.1 to 28.9 °C.
Scale: 5.2 to 7.8 pH.
Scale: -1.1 to 17.1 dGH.
| Requirement | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Temperature | 23–28 °C (73–82 °F) | Stability matters more than hitting an exact figure. |
| pH | 6–7.5 | A stable pH outside the ideal band is usually better than an unstable one inside it. |
| General hardness | 2–15 °dGH | Check your supplier's published figure before choosing species. |
| Minimum volume | 200 L (53 US gal) | A floor, not a recommendation. |
| Minimum footprint | 100 cm long | An ambush predator needs structure to hide in and enough water that its prey is not permanently cornered; a tall, cluttered tank rather than an open one. |
| Water flow | low | Match the outflow to this rather than to the filter's rating. |
| Lid required | Yes | This species jumps. |
| Structure | Dense wood and root structure, dim light and floating cover. |
Behaviour
- Hangs at an angle among wood, imitating a drifting leaf.
- Takes prey with a sudden mouth expansion rather than a chase.
Telling males from females
Males develop spines on the operculum and behind the eye; the difference is visible only on mature fish.
Feeding
Slow and deliberate at feeding. Fast tankmates take the food before it commits, so it is often quietly underfed.
- Diet type
- Carnivore
- Staples
- Frozen bloodworm, mysis and krill, Live earthworm, Sinking carnivore pellets
Breeding
- Strategy
- Free-floating eggs released at the surface and abandoned
- Difficulty
- rarely achieved
- Parental care
- none
Tankmates and compatibility
Assessments are derived from stored traits by the compatibility engine, with the reasoning shown. A verdict is a statement about probability, not a guarantee — individual temperament can override it.
| Towards | Risk | What it means |
|---|---|---|
| Small fish | near-certain | Anything that fits in the mouth is at risk once this species reaches adult size. |
| Adult dwarf shrimp | near-certain | Cover reduces losses but rarely prevents them where the risk is high. |
| Shrimplets | near-certain | Determines whether a shrimp colony can grow rather than merely persist. |
| Snails | low | Applies to snails you wanted as well as snails you did not. |
| Long or trailing fins | none | Fin damage is an entry point for secondary infection. |
| Plants | none | Tough species such as Anubias and Java fern survive most grazers. |
Any pair in the catalogue can be assessed with the compatibility checker.
Welfare considerations
Points where the way this species is commonly sold or kept differs from what it actually needs.
- Eats any fish it can fit in, which at 18 cm is most community species. Its stillness is routinely mistaken for placidity.
- Breathes atmospheric air and needs surface access with an air gap.
- Outcompeted at feeding time by faster fish; it needs food placed where it is waiting.
Problems to watch for
Most problems in a tank containing this species are general rather than species-specific. Start with the troubleshooting index and work from the observation rather than from a guess at the cause.
What AquariumHQ does not yet hold
Species-level disease susceptibility is modelled in the graph and is not yet populated. Health pages will not be published until each condition has veterinary sourcing, because health content written without evidence is the most harmful thing this product could publish. The gap is recorded in the coverage report.
Where it comes from
- Native range
- Congo River basin
- Habitat
- Slow, shaded, heavily structured river margins and backwaters.
What the checklists say
2 distribution statements retrieved from GBIF checklists. Establishment means is reproduced from the source where it states one, and left unstated where it does not — a record of presence is not a record of origin.
| Status | Places | What this means |
|---|---|---|
| Recorded as present, establishment means not stated | 2 | The source records the species as present and does not say whether it is native or introduced. AquariumHQ does not fill that in. |
No checklist AquariumHQ holds positively calls this species native anywhere, so the native range above rests on AquariumHQ’s own reading of the literature rather than on a cited checklist.
Evidence
Every stored value with the kind of support behind it and where to check it. Evidence type and confidence are separate axes: an editorial position held confidently and a measurement held tentatively are different things.
| Claim | Value | Evidence type | Confidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| scientific name | Ctenopoma acutirostre | Observed / measured | high confidence | Catalogue of Life; GBIF — Global Biodiversity Information Facility |
| native range | Congo River basin | Observed / measured | moderate confidence | GBIF — Global Biodiversity Information Facility |
| adult size | 15–20 cm | Aquarium-literature consensus | moderate confidence | AquariumHQ husbandry synthesis |
| lifespan | 6–10 years | Aquarium-literature consensus | moderate confidence | AquariumHQ husbandry synthesis |
| temperature | 23–28 °C | Aquarium-literature consensus | moderate confidence | AquariumHQ husbandry synthesis |
| ph | 6–7.5 pH | Aquarium-literature consensus | moderate confidence | AquariumHQ husbandry synthesis |
| general hardness | 2–15 °dGH | Aquarium-literature consensus | moderate confidence | AquariumHQ husbandry synthesis |
| minimum tank volume | ≥ 200 L | AquariumHQ editorial position | moderate confidence | AquariumHQ husbandry synthesis |
| minimum tank length | ≥ 100 cm | AquariumHQ editorial position | moderate confidence | AquariumHQ husbandry synthesis |
Last reviewed 2026-08-10. Values labelled as an aquarium-literature consensus are AquariumHQ editorial positions rather than measurements — see how evidence is handled.
Why we say this
What each figure on this page rests on, and how far that is from being independently established.
Every figure on this page has a provenance. Open any claim to see what AquariumHQ holds for it, which sources say what, and what a claim of that kind actually needs. Different claims need different evidence: an accepted scientific name is settled by one authority, while a legal restriction needs a current primary instrument. A single source is often the right answer rather than a thin one.
scientific nameAquariumHQ's own position, externally checkableBased on a verified authoritative source.
AquariumHQ's own position on a claim an external source could support.
What this kind of claim needs: accepted scientific name and classification — 1 authoritative source in an appropriate context. Checked against gbif on 2026-08-12. One authoritative backbone is what this class requires.
What would improve this: Go and read a source. This is reachable and has not been reached.
native rangeAquariumHQ's own position, externally checkableLimited evidence — treat with caution.
AquariumHQ's own position on a claim an external source could support.
What this kind of claim needs: where the species occurs — 1 authoritative source in an appropriate context. 2 distribution statements held, and not one of them states an establishment means. Presence without native-or-introduced is not a native-range claim, so this stays below requirement rather than being read as one.
What would improve this: Go and read a source. This is reachable and has not been reached.
adult sizeAquariumHQ's own position, externally checkableAquariumHQ's own position, derived from evidenced inputs.
AquariumHQ's own position on a claim an external source could support.
What this kind of claim needs: size a well-kept specimen reaches — no external source is required, provided AquariumHQ shows its reasoning. No external source is required for this class. AquariumHQ's position stands on its stated reasoning.
What would improve this: Go and read a source. This is reachable and has not been reached.
lifespanAquariumHQ's own position, externally checkableAquariumHQ's own position, derived from evidenced inputs.
AquariumHQ's own position on a claim an external source could support.
What this kind of claim needs: what aquariumhq advises for keeping — no external source is required, provided AquariumHQ shows its reasoning. No external source is required for this class. AquariumHQ's position stands on its stated reasoning.
What would improve this: Go and read a source. This is reachable and has not been reached.
temperatureAquariumHQ's own position, externally checkableAquariumHQ's own position, derived from evidenced inputs.
AquariumHQ's own position on a claim an external source could support.
What this kind of claim needs: what aquariumhq advises for keeping — no external source is required, provided AquariumHQ shows its reasoning. No external source is required for this class. AquariumHQ's position stands on its stated reasoning.
What would improve this: Go and read a source. This is reachable and has not been reached.
phAquariumHQ's own position, externally checkableAquariumHQ's own position, derived from evidenced inputs.
AquariumHQ's own position on a claim an external source could support.
What this kind of claim needs: what aquariumhq advises for keeping — no external source is required, provided AquariumHQ shows its reasoning. No external source is required for this class. AquariumHQ's position stands on its stated reasoning.
What would improve this: Go and read a source. This is reachable and has not been reached.
general hardnessAquariumHQ's own position, externally checkableAquariumHQ's own position, derived from evidenced inputs.
AquariumHQ's own position on a claim an external source could support.
What this kind of claim needs: what aquariumhq advises for keeping — no external source is required, provided AquariumHQ shows its reasoning. No external source is required for this class. AquariumHQ's position stands on its stated reasoning.
What would improve this: Go and read a source. This is reachable and has not been reached.
minimum tank volumeAquariumHQ's judgement — no authority publishes thisAquariumHQ's own position, derived from evidenced inputs.
No external authority publishes this. The rationale carries the reasoning.
What this kind of claim needs: minimum tank size — no external source is required, provided AquariumHQ shows its reasoning. No authority publishes this. AquariumHQ derives it, and the derivation is recorded with its inputs and assumptions.
What would improve this: Keep the rationale current. There is no source to find.
minimum tank lengthAquariumHQ's judgement — no authority publishes thisAquariumHQ's own position, derived from evidenced inputs.
No external authority publishes this. The rationale carries the reasoning.
What this kind of claim needs: minimum tank size — no external source is required, provided AquariumHQ shows its reasoning. No authority publishes this. AquariumHQ derives it, and the derivation is recorded with its inputs and assumptions.
What would improve this: Keep the rationale current. There is no source to find.
Guides relevant to this species
Chosen from this record's own traits rather than listed on every page.
- Predator and prey sizeIt takes fish that fit in its mouth, and its mouth grows with it.
- The kinds of water aquarium fish come fromThis record's water bands follow soft forest stream, which is the kind of water this animal is recorded from.
Group size and social behaviour
Solitary and largely indifferent to its own kind at size, though juveniles bully each other. Not a group fish.