Swordtail
Larger and considerably more active than the platy, with males carrying an extended lower tail lobe. Males are seriously intolerant of each other, which is the single most common reason swordtail tanks go wrong.
Quick profile
- Scientific name
- Xiphophorus hellerii
- Adult size
- 8–14 cm (3.1–5.5 in)
- Lifespan
- 3–5 years
- Temperature
- 20–26 °C (68–79 °F)
- pH
- 7–8.3
- Hardness
- 10–30 °dGH
- Minimum tank
- 150 L (40 US gal)
- Minimum length
- 100 cm
- Swimming zone
- Midwater
- Social
- Harem — at least 4
- Diet
- Omnivore
- Overall confidence
- high confidence
What keeping this species involves
Hardy in hard water; the difficulties are adult size, jumping and male aggression.
Fast, hard, well-oxygenated streams and rivers.
Identity and names
- Common name
- Swordtail
- Scientific name
- Xiphophorus hellerii
- Family
- Poeciliidae
- Order
- Cyprinodontiformes
- Class
- Actinopterygii
Adult size and growth
8–14 cm (3.1–5.5 in) — Body length 8–10 cm in females; the male's sword adds several centimetres.
Typical lifespan in an aquarium: 3–5 years. Almost every animal sold in a shop is a juvenile, so the tank has to suit the size in the first line rather than the size in the bag.
Shape, which is what the compatibility engine reads instead of length alone: fusiform — the ordinary torpedo with a small terminal mouth. Assigned from what is typical of Poeciliidae, not examined for this species.
Water and tank requirements
Fast, large livebearers that need real swimming length, plus the room for females to escape male attention.
Temperature (°C)
Scale: 0 to 36 °C.
pH (pH)
Scale: 4 to 9.5 pH.
Hardness (°dGH)
Scale: 0 to 30 °dGH.
Where these figures come from
Habitat class
Hard alkaline water
Water draining limestone, gypsum or volcanic mineral — Central American rivers, karst springs, hard-water lakes.
These species are usually easy in hard tap water and difficult in the soft, acidic water the hobby treats as the default. The commonest failure is the keeper softening water that did not need softening.
- Conductivity
- 300–900 µS/cm
- Flow
- moderate
- Dissolved oxygen
- moderate
- Seasonality
- moderate
These are figures for the KIND of water body, not measurements of this species. They are AquariumHQ’s summary of the general limnology and are given wide because the water is.
- TemperatureFollows the habitat this animal comes from
- Follows the water this animal is recorded from — hard alkaline water. Hard alkaline water generally runs 22–30°C, and the advised band of 20–26°C is consistent with it. This is AquariumHQ's reasoning from the habitat, not a measurement of the species. A source does publish a figure for this parameter, and it answers a different question — an environmental range or a laboratory tolerance rather than a keeping recommendation. It is held alongside this band rather than behind it.
- pHFollows the habitat this animal comes from
- Follows the water this animal is recorded from — hard alkaline water. Hard alkaline water generally runs 7.4–8.5, and the advised band of 7–8.3 is consistent with it. This is AquariumHQ's reasoning from the habitat, not a measurement of the species. A source does publish a figure for this parameter, and it answers a different question — an environmental range or a laboratory tolerance rather than a keeping recommendation. It is held alongside this band rather than behind it.
- General hardnessFollows the habitat this animal comes from
- Follows the water this animal is recorded from — hard alkaline water. Hard alkaline water generally runs 10–25 dGH, and the advised band of 10–30 dGH is consistent with it. This is AquariumHQ's reasoning from the habitat, not a measurement of the species. A source does publish a figure for this parameter, and it answers a different question — an environmental range or a laboratory tolerance rather than a keeping recommendation. It is held alongside this band rather than behind it.
Scale: 18.5 to 31.5 °C.
Scale: 6.8 to 8.7 pH.
Scale: 7 to 33 dGH.
| Requirement | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Temperature | 20–26 °C (68–79 °F) | Stability matters more than hitting an exact figure. |
| pH | 7–8.3 | A stable pH outside the ideal band is usually better than an unstable one inside it. |
| General hardness | 10–30 °dGH | Check your supplier's published figure before choosing species. |
| Minimum volume | 150 L (40 US gal) | A floor, not a recommendation. |
| Minimum footprint | 100 cm long | Fast, large livebearers that need real swimming length, plus the room for females to escape male attention. |
| Water flow | moderate | Match the outflow to this rather than to the filter's rating. |
| Lid required | Yes | This species jumps. |
Behaviour
- Jumps powerfully — an uncovered tank loses swordtails.
- Dominant males chase subordinates relentlessly.
Telling males from females
Only males carry the sword and the gonopodium. Dominant females occasionally develop male features late in life.
Feeding
- Diet type
- Omnivore
- Staples
- Dry foods, Frozen foods, Blanched vegetables, Algae
Breeding
- Strategy
- Livebearing
- Difficulty
- incidental
- Parental care
- bearer
Tankmates and compatibility
Assessments are derived from stored traits by the compatibility engine, with the reasoning shown. A verdict is a statement about probability, not a guarantee — individual temperament can override it.
| Towards | Risk | What it means |
|---|---|---|
| Small fish | none | Anything that fits in the mouth is at risk once this species reaches adult size. |
| Adult dwarf shrimp | none | Cover reduces losses but rarely prevents them where the risk is high. |
| Shrimplets | high | Determines whether a shrimp colony can grow rather than merely persist. |
| Snails | none | Applies to snails you wanted as well as snails you did not. |
| Long or trailing fins | none | Fin damage is an entry point for secondary infection. |
| Plants | none | Tough species such as Anubias and Java fern survive most grazers. |
Assessed pairings
Any pair in the catalogue can be assessed with the compatibility checker.
Welfare considerations
Points where the way this species is commonly sold or kept differs from what it actually needs.
- Sold as a community fish at 4 cm; a 12 cm adult male needs a very different tank.
Problems to watch for
Most problems in a tank containing this species are general rather than species-specific. Start with the troubleshooting index and work from the observation rather than from a guess at the cause.
What AquariumHQ does not yet hold
Species-level disease susceptibility is modelled in the graph and is not yet populated. Health pages will not be published until each condition has veterinary sourcing, because health content written without evidence is the most harmful thing this product could publish. The gap is recorded in the coverage report.
Where it comes from
- Native range
- Atlantic slope of Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and Honduras
- Habitat
- Fast, hard, well-oxygenated streams and rivers.
What the checklists say
64 distribution statements retrieved from GBIF checklists. Establishment means is reproduced from the source where it states one, and left unstated where it does not — a record of presence is not a record of origin.
| Status | Places | What this means |
|---|---|---|
| Native | 1 | A checklist states the species occurs here naturally. |
| Introduced | 49 | A checklist states the species arrived here with human help. That is not a statement that it is established, harmful or illegal. |
| Recorded as present, establishment means not stated | 14 | The source records the species as present and does not say whether it is native or introduced. AquariumHQ does not fill that in. |
Legal status and responsible practice
Where this species has been introduced, and what followed
Europe — recorded in 7 countries, first in Hungary in 1932
Locally establishedOther intentional release. Like the guppy, the European swordtail sits in thermally influenced water — the Hungarian thermal springs in particular — and the 1932 date puts it alongside the interwar mosquito-control and ornamental releases rather than in the modern trade.
- Deliberate stockingSomebody put the species into open water on purpose, for food, angling, ornament or mosquito control — frequently a government agency, and frequently before anyone considered the consequences.
What has been established
- Competition with native speciesReported in the literatureRated MEDIUM against nature protection and restoration.
- Carries parasites or pathogensReported in the literatureRated MEDIUM against animal health — the same ornamental-trade parasite argument as the guppy, at a lower rating because the European populations are far smaller.
EASIN — European Alien Species Information Network · EASIN catalogue record R16248 (apixg/catxg) · read 2026-08-30. A European network: the routes and effects recorded here are the ones documented in Europe. EASIN compiles national inventories, DAISIE and CABI rather than measuring, and its pathway assignments carry its own uncertainty flags, which are reported above where it sets them.
Never release aquarium life into the wild
Aquarium animals, plants, and aquarium water must never be released into ponds, rivers, canals, drains or the sea — not even in a country where the species is sold freely. Released fish and invertebrates establish populations that displace native species, and released plants and water carry pathogens, parasites and fragments capable of spreading without any animal at all. If you can no longer keep an animal, rehome it through an aquarium society, a retailer that accepts returns, or another keeper.
- Rehome through a local aquarium society, a specialist retailer or another keeper.
- Unwanted plants go in household waste or a hot compost heap, never in a watercourse or a garden pond.
- Never empty a bucket of tank water into a drain that discharges to open water.
- If an animal is beyond rehoming, ask an aquatic veterinarian about humane euthanasia rather than releasing it.
Legal status is recorded from the sources named and was correct on the verification date shown. Rules change, and sub-national rules often differ from national ones. Check the current position with the relevant authority before acquiring, selling or moving any animal or plant.
Evidence
Every stored value with the kind of support behind it and where to check it. Evidence type and confidence are separate axes: an editorial position held confidently and a measurement held tentatively are different things.
| Claim | Value | Evidence type | Confidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| scientific name | Xiphophorus hellerii | Observed / measured | high confidence | Catalogue of Life; GBIF — Global Biodiversity Information Facility |
| native range | Atlantic slope of Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and Honduras | Observed / measured | moderate confidence | GBIF — Global Biodiversity Information Facility |
| adult size | 8–14 cm | Aquarium-literature consensus | high confidence | AquariumHQ husbandry synthesis |
| lifespan | 3–5 years | Aquarium-literature consensus | high confidence | AquariumHQ husbandry synthesis |
| temperature | 20–26 °C | Aquarium-literature consensus | high confidence | AquariumHQ husbandry synthesis |
| ph | 7–8.3 pH | Aquarium-literature consensus | high confidence | AquariumHQ husbandry synthesis |
| general hardness | 10–30 °dGH | Aquarium-literature consensus | high confidence | AquariumHQ husbandry synthesis |
| minimum tank volume | ≥ 150 L | AquariumHQ editorial position | moderate confidence | AquariumHQ husbandry synthesis |
| minimum tank length | ≥ 100 cm | AquariumHQ editorial position | moderate confidence | AquariumHQ husbandry synthesis |
| minimum group size | ≥ 4 | AquariumHQ editorial position | high confidence | AquariumHQ husbandry synthesis |
Last reviewed 2026-08-10. Values labelled as an aquarium-literature consensus are AquariumHQ editorial positions rather than measurements — see how evidence is handled.
Why we say this
What each figure on this page rests on, and how far that is from being independently established.
Every figure on this page has a provenance. Open any claim to see what AquariumHQ holds for it, which sources say what, and what a claim of that kind actually needs. Different claims need different evidence: an accepted scientific name is settled by one authority, while a legal restriction needs a current primary instrument. A single source is often the right answer rather than a thin one.
scientific nameAquariumHQ's own position, externally checkableBased on a verified authoritative source.
AquariumHQ's own position on a claim an external source could support.
What this kind of claim needs: accepted scientific name and classification — 1 authoritative source in an appropriate context. Checked against gbif on 2026-08-11. One authoritative backbone is what this class requires.
What would improve this: Go and read a source. This is reachable and has not been reached.
native rangeAquariumHQ's own position, externally checkableBased on a verified authoritative source.
AquariumHQ's own position on a claim an external source could support.
What this kind of claim needs: where the species occurs — 1 authoritative source in an appropriate context. 64 distribution statements held from GBIF checklists — native in 1, introduced in 45 countries. Establishment means is reproduced from the source, never inferred from occurrence.
What would improve this: Go and read a source. This is reachable and has not been reached.
adult sizeIndependently verifiedConfirmed by more than one independent source.2 citations, 2 independent origins
2 citations from 2 independent origins.
- 16 cm — FishBase · Maximum recorded · The range the species is recorded from · checked 2026-08-11
- 16 cm — USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species database · Maximum recorded · Observed in the wild · checked 2026-08-29
What this kind of claim needs: size a well-kept specimen reaches — no external source is required, provided AquariumHQ shows its reasoning. 2 independent origins.
What would improve this: Nothing. Recheck when the sources are next reviewed.
lifespanAquariumHQ's own position, externally checkableAquariumHQ's own position, derived from evidenced inputs.
AquariumHQ's own position on a claim an external source could support.
What this kind of claim needs: what aquariumhq advises for keeping — no external source is required, provided AquariumHQ shows its reasoning. No external source is required for this class. AquariumHQ's position stands on its stated reasoning.
What would improve this: Go and read a source. This is reachable and has not been reached.
temperatureOne sourceAquariumHQ's own position, derived from evidenced inputs.1 citation, 1 independent origin
A single source: adelaide-aquariums-2004.
- 22–28 °C — FishBase · Tolerated range · The range the species is recorded from · checked 2026-08-11
What this kind of claim needs: what aquariumhq advises for keeping — no external source is required, provided AquariumHQ shows its reasoning. Derived from the observed range rather than copied from it. No usable species-specific observation is held for this parameter. The only figure the source publishes is one it repeats across unrelated families, which the lineage detector grades a default rather than a measurement of this fish. The advised band is therefore AquariumHQ's own position from general husbandry practice for this kind of animal, and is presented as that rather than as a sourced range.
What would improve this: Corroborate against a second, independent source.
phOne sourceAquariumHQ's own position, derived from evidenced inputs.1 citation, 1 independent origin
A single source: fishbase.
- 7–8 pH — FishBase · Tolerated range · The range the species is recorded from · checked 2026-08-11
What this kind of claim needs: what aquariumhq advises for keeping — no external source is required, provided AquariumHQ shows its reasoning. Derived from the observed range rather than copied from it. The advised band reaches past the observed envelope and carries no individual review. Commercially bred stock is generally more tolerant than wild records suggest, which is the usual explanation, and it has not been established for this species.
What would improve this: Corroborate against a second, independent source.
general hardnessOne sourceAquariumHQ's own position, derived from evidenced inputs.1 citation, 1 independent origin
A single source: fishbase.
- 9–19 °dGH — FishBase · Tolerated range · The range the species is recorded from · checked 2026-08-11
What this kind of claim needs: what aquariumhq advises for keeping — no external source is required, provided AquariumHQ shows its reasoning. Derived from the observed range rather than copied from it. The advised band reaches past the observed envelope and carries no individual review. Commercially bred stock is generally more tolerant than wild records suggest, which is the usual explanation, and it has not been established for this species.
What would improve this: Corroborate against a second, independent source.
minimum tank volumeAquariumHQ's judgement — no authority publishes thisAquariumHQ's own position, derived from evidenced inputs.
No external authority publishes this. The rationale carries the reasoning.
What this kind of claim needs: minimum tank size — no external source is required, provided AquariumHQ shows its reasoning. No authority publishes this. AquariumHQ derives it, and the derivation is recorded with its inputs and assumptions.
What would improve this: Keep the rationale current. There is no source to find.
minimum tank lengthAquariumHQ's judgement — no authority publishes thisAquariumHQ's own position, derived from evidenced inputs.
No external authority publishes this. The rationale carries the reasoning.
What this kind of claim needs: minimum tank size — no external source is required, provided AquariumHQ shows its reasoning. No authority publishes this. AquariumHQ derives it, and the derivation is recorded with its inputs and assumptions.
What would improve this: Keep the rationale current. There is no source to find.
minimum group sizeAquariumHQ's judgement — no authority publishes thisAquariumHQ's own position, derived from evidenced inputs.
No external authority publishes this. The rationale carries the reasoning.
What this kind of claim needs: group size — no external source is required, provided AquariumHQ shows its reasoning. No external source is required for this class. AquariumHQ's position stands on its stated reasoning.
What would improve this: Keep the rationale current. There is no source to find.
Guides relevant to this species
Chosen from this record's own traits rather than listed on every page.
- The kinds of water aquarium fish come fromThis record's water bands follow hard alkaline water, which is the kind of water this animal is recorded from.
- Why fish size figures disagreeA documented maximum and a typical adult size are both held for this species, and they are different quantities.
- How aquarium species get into the wildThis species has a documented introduction outside its native range, with the route recorded.
Group size and social behaviour
Males are strongly intolerant of each other and will harry a rival continuously.